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Bonobos grow similarly to humans

Growth spurts during puberty are not unique in evolutionary terms

24.08.2023: Parents with children in adolescence know this all too well: one minute "the little ones" are just up to your shoulder, and all of a sudden, they're growing over your head. Until now, it was assumed that such pubertal growth spurt in body length only occurs in humans, but not in other primates. A study of the German Primate Center (DPZ) – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research in Göttingen and the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna has now investigated this widespread hypothesis in bonobos (Pan paniscus). The result: Pronounced, human-like growth in the adolescent years also exists in bonobos and presumably also in other monkeys. Thus, humans are less exceptional in this trait than previously thought (eLife).

Until now, there has been a broad consensus that the human adolescent growth spurt in body length is evolutionarily unique and absent in other primates. However, such adolescent growth spurt occurs in many primate species in body weight, including humans. The study, which has just been published in “eLife”, suspected and confirmed that the reason for this divergence could be methodological issues.

Mind the scale...

In their scientific work, the researchers used three approaches: They first outlined how scaling problems and incorrect comparisons between growth rates of body length (linear) and weight (volume) can lead to misleading interpretations, effectively comparing apples to oranges.

... leads to correct results

Subsequently, the research team applied a scale-corrected approach to an extensive dataset of 258 zoo-living bonobos. These data included weight and length growth, as well as several physiological markers related to growth and puberty. “We found pronounced growth spurts in body weight and body length in both sexes. Weight and length growth curves corresponded with each other and with patterns of testosterone and IGFBP-3 levels that resemble adolescent hormone surges in humans,” says first author Andreas Berghänel from the Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology (KLIVV) at the University of Veterinary Medicine about the results.

An adolescent female bonobo. Photo: Verena Behringer
Bonobos' body growth was determined by measuring forearm lengths in a Plexiglas tube. Photo: Jeroen MG Stevens
Andreas Berghänel from the Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology (KLIVV, Vetmeduni). Photo: Andreas Berghänel
Silhouette of a bonobo. The area marked in red on the forearm was measured. Figure: Verena Behringer
Verena Behringer is a scientist in the Endocrinology Laboratory Service Unit at the German Primate Center. Photo: Karin Tilch
A bonobo mother with an infant. Photo: Verena Behringer

Re-interpretation of studies provides different insights

In a third step, data published in other studies on non-human primates were reinterpreted. The results showed that adolescent growth spurt in weight and length occurs not only in bonobos, but very likely also in other monkeys. “Our results underline the importance of taking scaling laws into account when interpreting growth curves in general,” summarizes Verena Behringer, scientist in the Endocrinology Laboratory at the German Primate Center and senior author of the publication. “Furthermore, our data show that pronounced, human-like adolescent growth spurts in body weight and body length exist not only in bonobos, but probably also in many other non-human primates.”

The study was conducted in cooperation with researchers from Odisee University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation, the Antwerp University, the Max Planck Institutes for Evolutionary Anthropology and for Animal Behaviour, and the Institute of Cognitive Science at the University of Osnabrück. In addition, 19 zoos provided their data and contributed significantly to the success of the study.

 

The article "Adolescent length growth spurts in bonobos and other primates: Mind the scale" by Berghänel A., Stevens JMG., Hohmann G., Deschner T. and Behringer V. is available as a Reviewed Preprint in eLife and will be published as final version on August 29th.
 

Scientific article
 

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